The article reflects the historical course of implementing opportunities for preserving public health in pre-revolutionary Tuva, the development of medical care in the early 20th century, the development of sanitary culture among the local population, and the stages of the formation of preventive medicine with the organization of sanitary and educational work using various formats of mass communication dictated by the times. This includes everything from promoting household sanitation and personal hygiene through mobile communication in "red yurts" to modern, high-tech mass (television and radio) communications, individual use gadgets, and a well-developed internet network and use of artificial intelligence, all carried out by a wide network of institutions such as public health and medical prevention centers.

Relevance. The increase in depressive tendencies among adolescents and youth necessitates a scientific search for preventive mechanisms. In the presented article, the authors investigate the role of adaptive and maladaptive reflection in the formation of depressive states among adolescents and youth. It should be noted that researchers' attention to reflection is due to its active involvement in the processes of identity formation and the development of metacognitive skills. Reflection is considered at the level of a systemic phenomenon within the component-level structure of an individual's resilience.
Objectives. To study the relationship between adaptive and maladaptive reflection and depressiveness among students. The research hypothesis: maladaptive form of reflection is a risk factor for depressiveness in adolescents and youth.
Materials and methods. Study sample: 520 firstand second-year students from higher educational institutions in Kazan and 649 tenthand eleventh-grade students from secondary schools in Kazan. Methods and instruments: "Differential Type of Reflection" questionnaire (D.A. Leontiev, E.M. Lapteva, E.N. Osin, A.Z. Salikhova), Beck Depression Inventory, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale.
Results. A correlation was established between signs of depressive state and quasi-reflection. It was revealed that among high school students there are more respondents with signs of depression than among university students.
Conclusions. The study draws attention to the need to develop metacognitive abilities and critical thinking as preventive mechanisms against unproductive, non-constructive rumination, which is widespread among a significant portion of adolescents and youth.

This article shows the development and formation of preventive medicine in Republic of Tyva since the 19th century, when there were no special institutions in Tuva dedicated to the prevention of various diseases. Medical practice were provided by shamans and Buddhist lamas who know Tibetan medicine and medicinal herbs. The development of preventive medicine in Tuva began in the 1920s. with the beginning of the expedition of the medical and sanitary expedition of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR to provide qualified assistance to the Arat population, to deploy preventive work, to form a health network, to create conditions for the protection of motherhood and childhood, to improve everyday life, to organize the fight against social diseases and to assist in the training of national medical personnel. In 1956, the first exposition of the sanitary museum was opened, featuring the following topics: healthcare in the Tuvan Autonomous Region, healing in the past, the resort wealth of Tuva, the life and work of I.P. Pavlov and there were sections devoted to personal and public hygiene, prevention of various diseases. Local historian P. Cherkashin made a great contribution to the creation of the sanitary museum.

Every century has its own factors affecting human health – 100 years ago, alcohol consumption, smoking, and an unbalanced diet had an extremely bad effect on human health. In the 21st century, in the age of the active introduction of everything artificial, technological, substitute, dynamic, low physical activity and stress were added to these negatives. Bacterial/viral infection, chemical poisoning, or physical effects on the body are the direct causes of the disease, but there are also factors that indirectly contribute to the onset and development of diseases. A risk factor is a sign that is somehow related to the occurrence of the disease in the future. Genetic predisposition, age and gender are risk factors that a person cannot influence. But there are manageable risk factors that can be influenced, in particular, the rejection of bad habits (avoiding overeating, quitting smoking and alcohol, etc.), proper nutrition, engaging in various types of physical activity. Therefore, adherence to the principles of a healthy lifestyle is the most important way to prevent various diseases. However, anyone can get sick. Unfortunately, many pathologies develop asymptomatically in the early stages. Therefore, it is necessary to undergo regular preventive medical examinations and preventive medical examination.

Relevance. In the modern world, the psychological health of society is becoming one of the key topics for discussion. Rapid changes in lifestyle caused by technological progress and urbanization have a significant impact on people's mental well-being. It is important to find new approaches to cope with the challenges of the time, while maintaining the value of traditional methods of support, especially for the ethnic regions of the Russian Federation. Purpose. Analysis of the study of the psychological health of the population of the Republic of Tuva and the characteristics of the interaction of both innovative and traditional social institutions in society. Materials and methods: The study of scientific literature on the psychological health of the population was conducted; the definition of the term mental and psychological health was determined; the interaction of social institutions in the development of the psychological health of the population of Tuva was analyzed, and the traditional and innovative features of providing psychological services in the activities of social institutions in the transforming society of the region were identified. Results: It has been revealed that the psychological health of the Tuvan society plays a key role in ensuring its sustainability and well-being. Traditional methods, such as family support and community practices, continue to be important elements of the medical, social, and psychological assistance system, but they require adaptation to modern challenges. Key all social institutions provide psychological assistance to the population, but there is a lack of close interaction between social and traditional institutions, where it is possible to trace a systematic approach to effectively improving the psychological health of the population in the modern society of the Republic of Tuva. Meanwhile, innovative technologies, including online counseling and mobile applications, are significantly expanding access to and improving the effectiveness of psychological assistance.

In the current situation, the study of the socio-psychological characteristics of various ethnic groups living in Russian society, particularly the Tuva ethnic group, is relevant both theoretically and practically. For the first time in Russian social psychology, a systematic approach was applied in the study of the ethnopsychological characteristics of the Tuva ethnic group.
Firstly, this approach involves the comprehensive identification and analysis of the ethnopsychological characteristics of the Tuva ethnic group. Secondly, ethnopsychological characteristics were identified and presented in the form of a three-level hierarchical system: value orientations; attitudes of ethnic representatives towards various aspects of their life; manifestations of mental processes and temperament. The empirical basis of the study was conducted through experimental research among the residents of the Republic of Tuva.
The study involved men and women, rural and urban populations, students and parents from schools in the capital and rural areas. The sample consisted of over 1,300 respondents. It is important to note that the ethnic characteristics of the people create a strong foundation for the psychological and physical health of the population, and also emphasize that cultural factors can have a long-term impact on mental and physical health.